Potential Form of Verbs in Japanese

Text image with Japanese grammar overview on potential form, blue background, title "Potential Form in Japanese"

Understanding Potential Form

The potential form (ćŻèƒœćœą, かぼうけい) of verbs in Japanese expresses the ability or possibility to do something. This form is widely used in everyday conversations to talk about what someone can or cannot do.

Usage of Potential Form in Different Situations

  1. Expressing Ability
    • æ—„æœŹèȘžă‚’è©±ă›ăŸă™ă€‚(I can speak Japanese.)
  2. Expressing Capability
    • ă“ă“ă‹ă‚‰ćŻŒćŁ«ć±±ăŒèŠ‹ăˆăŸă™ă€‚(You can see Mount Fuji from here.)
  3. Expressing Permission
    • ă“ăźć›łæ›žé€šă§ăŻæœŹă‚’ć€Ÿă‚Šă‚‰ă‚ŒăŸă™ă€‚(You can borrow books in this library.)
  4. Expressing Physical or Situational Possibility
    • ä»Šæ—„ăŻćż™ă—ă„ăźă§ă€æ˜ ç”»ă«èĄŒă‘ăŸă›ă‚“ă€‚(I am busy today, so I can’t go to the movies.)
  5. Expressing Potential in Hypothetical Scenarios
    • ćœŒăŒæ„ăŸă‚‰ă€ă‚‚ăŁăšè©±ă›ă‚‹ăšæ€ă„ăŸă™ă€‚(If he comes, I think I will be able to talk more.)
  6. Asking About Ability
    • ăƒ”ă‚ąăƒŽăŒćŒŸă‘ăŸă™ă‹ïŒŸ (Can you play the piano?)
  7. Denying Capability
    • æŒąć­—ăŒèȘ­ă‚ăŸă›ă‚“。(I can’t read kanji.)
  8. Expressing Limited Ability (Using ăȘら)
    • ă‚čăƒšă‚€ăƒłèȘžăȘă‚‰è©±ă›ăŸă™ă€‚(If it’s Spanish, I can speak it.)

Formation of Potential Form

Japanese verbs are categorized into three groups, and the potential form is formed differently for each.

Group 1 (Godan Verbs / äș”æź”ć‹•è©ž)

For äș”æź”ć‹•è©ž (Godan verbs), replace the final う sound with える.

Dictionary FormPotential FormExample Sentence 1Example Sentence 2
æ›žă (to write)æ›žă‘ă‚‹æ—„æœŹèȘžăŒæ›žă‘ăŸă™ă€‚(I can write in Japanese.)æŒąć­—ăŒæ›žă‘ăŸă›ă‚“ă€‚(I can’t write kanji.)
èĄŒă (to go)èĄŒă‘ă‚‹æ˜Žæ—„ă€æ”·ă«èĄŒă‘ăŸă™ă€‚(I can go to the beach tomorrow.)東äșŹă«ăŻèĄŒă‘ăŸă›ă‚“ă€‚(I can’t go to Tokyo.)
è©±ă™ (to speak)è©±ă›ă‚‹æ—„æœŹèȘžăŒè©±ă›ăŸă™ă‹ïŒŸ(Can you speak Japanese?)ćœŒăŻè‹±èȘžăŒè©±ă›ăŸă›ă‚“。(He can’t speak English.)
éŁČむ (to drink)éŁČめるお酒がéŁČă‚ăŸă™ă‹ïŒŸ(Can you drink alcohol?)ăƒ“ăƒŒăƒ«ăŒéŁČă‚ăŸă›ă‚“ă€‚(I can’t drink beer.)
æłłă (to swim)æłłă’ă‚‹ćœŒăŻé€Ÿăæłłă’ăŸă™ă€‚(He can swim fast.)æ”·ă§ăŻæłłă’ăŸă›ă‚“ă€‚(I can’t swim in the sea.)
èȷう (to buy)èČ·ăˆă‚‹ă“ăźćș—ă§ă‚±ăƒŒă‚­ăŒèČ·ăˆăŸă™ă€‚(You can buy cakes at this shop.)ä»Šæ—„ăŻèČ·ăˆăŸă›ă‚“ă€‚(I can’t buy it today.)
äœœă‚‹ (to make)äœœă‚Œă‚‹çŸŽć‘łă—ă„æ–™ç†ăŒäœœă‚ŒăŸă™ă€‚(I can make delicious food.)ăƒ‘ăƒłăŻäœœă‚ŒăŸă›ă‚“ă€‚(I can’t make bread.)

Group 2 (Ichidan Verbs / äž€æź”ć‹•è©ž)

For äž€æź”ć‹•è©ž (Ichidan verbs), replace る with られる.

Dictionary FormPotential FormExample Sentence 1Example Sentence 2
食ăčる (to eat)食ăčă‚‰ă‚Œă‚‹äœ•ă§ă‚‚éŁŸăčă‚‰ă‚ŒăŸă™ă€‚(I can eat anything.)魚が食ăčă‚‰ă‚ŒăŸă›ă‚“ă€‚(I can’t eat fish.)
èŠ‹ă‚‹ (to see)èŠ‹ă‚‰ă‚Œă‚‹ă“ăźæ˜ ç”»ăŒèŠ‹ă‚‰ă‚ŒăŸă™ă€‚(You can watch this movie.)æ˜Žæ—„ăŻèŠ‹ă‚‰ă‚ŒăŸă›ă‚“ă€‚(I can’t watch it tomorrow.)
着る (to wear)ç€ă‚‰ă‚Œă‚‹ć’ŒæœăŒç€ă‚‰ă‚ŒăŸă™ă€‚(I can wear a kimono.)ăăźæœăŻç€ă‚‰ă‚ŒăŸă›ă‚“ă€‚(I can’t wear those clothes.)
è”·ăă‚‹ (to wake up)è”·ăă‚‰ă‚Œă‚‹æœ6æ™‚ă«è”·ăă‚‰ă‚ŒăŸă™ă€‚(I can wake up at 6 AM.)ä»Šæ—„ăŻæ—©ăè”·ăă‚‰ă‚ŒăŸă›ă‚“ă€‚(I can’t wake up early today.)
濘れる (to forget)ćż˜ă‚Œă‚‰ă‚Œă‚‹æ˜šæ—„ăźă“ăšăŒćż˜ă‚Œă‚‰ă‚ŒăŸă™ă€‚(I can forget about yesterday.)ăăźè©±ăŻćż˜ă‚Œă‚‰ă‚ŒăŸă›ă‚“ă€‚(I can’t forget that story.)

Group 3 (Irregular Verbs / äžèŠć‰‡ć‹•è©ž)

The two irregular verbs in Japanese have unique potential forms.

Dictionary FormPotential FormExample Sentence 1Example Sentence 2
する (to do)ă§ăă‚‹ă‚”ăƒƒă‚«ăƒŒăŒă§ăăŸă™ă€‚(I can play soccer.)ä»Šæ—„ăŻé‹ć‹•ăŒă§ăăŸă›ă‚“ă€‚(I can’t exercise today.)
æ„ă‚‹ (to come)æ„ă‚‰ă‚Œă‚‹ćœŒăŻäŒšè­°ă«æ„ă‚‰ă‚ŒăŸă™ă€‚(He can come to the meeting.)æ˜Žæ—„ăŻæ„ă‚‰ă‚ŒăŸă›ă‚“ă€‚(I can’t come tomorrow.)

More Example Sentences

  1. ç§ăŻæ—„æœŹèȘžăŒè©±ă›ăŸă™ă€‚
    (I can speak Japanese.) → [Godan Verb: è©±ă™ → è©±ă›ă‚‹]
  2. こぼćș—ă§ăŻă‚±ăƒŒă‚­ăŒèČ·ăˆăŸă™ă€‚
    (You can buy cakes at this shop.) → [Godan Verb: èȷう → èČ·ăˆă‚‹]
  3. ä»Šæ—„ăŻæ—©ăè”·ăă‚‰ă‚ŒăŸă›ă‚“ă€‚
    (I can’t wake up early today.) → [Ichidan Verb: è”·ăă‚‹ → è”·ăă‚‰ă‚Œă‚‹]
  4. ă“ăźæ˜ ç”»ăŻăƒăƒƒăƒˆă§èŠ‹ă‚‰ă‚ŒăŸă™ă€‚
    (You can watch this movie online.) → [Ichidan Verb: èŠ‹ă‚‹ → èŠ‹ă‚‰ă‚Œă‚‹]
  5. ăƒ”ă‚ąăƒŽăŒćŒŸă‘ăŸă™ă‹ïŒŸ
    (Can you play the piano?) → [Godan Verb: ćŒŸă → ćŒŸă‘ă‚‹]
  6. ćœŒăŻé€Ÿăæłłă’ăŸă™ă€‚
    (He can swim fast.) → [Godan Verb: æłłă → æłłă’ă‚‹]
  7. æ˜Žæ—„ăŻć­Šæ Ąă«èĄŒă‘ăŸă›ă‚“ă€‚
    (I can’t go to school tomorrow.) → [Godan Verb: èĄŒă → èĄŒă‘ă‚‹]
  8. ă“ăźæœŹăŻć›łæ›žé€šă§ć€Ÿă‚Šă‚‰ă‚ŒăŸă™ă€‚
    (You can borrow this book from the library.) → [Ichidan Verb: 怟りる → 怟りられる]
  9. ă‚”ăƒƒă‚«ăƒŒăŒă§ăăŸă™ă‹ïŒŸ
    (Can you play soccer?) → [Irregular Verb: する → できる]
  10. ćœŒăŻæ˜Žæ—„ăźäŒšè­°ă«æ„ă‚‰ă‚ŒăŸă™ă€‚
    (He can come to tomorrow’s meeting.) → [Irregular Verb: æ„ă‚‹ → æ„ă‚‰ă‚Œă‚‹]

These examples cover various real-life situations where the potential form is commonly used. Let me know in comment if you need more examples!

Fill in the Blanks Exercise:

  1. æ—„æœŹèȘžăŒ____ăŸă™ă‹ïŒŸ (Can you speak Japanese?)
  2. ă“ăźæ˜ ç”»ăŻăƒăƒƒăƒˆă§____ăŸă™ă€‚ (You can watch this movie online.)
  3. ä»Šæ—„ăŻæ—©ă____ăŸă›ă‚“ă€‚ (I can’t wake up early today.)
  4. çŸŽć‘łă—ă„æ–™ç†ăŒ____ăŸă™ă‹ïŒŸ (Can you make delicious food?)
  5. ここでは憙真を____ăŸă›ă‚“ă€‚ (You can’t take pictures here.)
  6. ćœŒć„łăŻăƒ”ă‚ąăƒŽăŒ____ăŸă›ă‚“ă€‚ (She can’t play the piano.)
  7. こぼćș—ă§ăŻă‚±ăƒŒă‚­ăŒ____ăŸă™ă€‚ (You can buy cakes at this shop.)
  8. ăăźæœŹăŒ____ăŸă™ă‹ïŒŸ (Can you read that book?)
  9. ćœŒăŻäŒšè­°ă«____ăŸă™ă‹ïŒŸ (Can he come to the meeting?)
  10. お酒が____ăŸă›ă‚“ă€‚ (I can’t drink alcohol.)

Answers

  1. è©±ă›
  2. èŠ‹ă‚‰ă‚Œ
  3. è”·ăă‚‰ă‚Œ
  4. äœœă‚Œ
  5. æ’źă‚Œ
  6. ćŒŸă‘
  7. èȷえ
  8. èȘ­ă‚
  9. æ„ă‚‰ă‚Œ
  10. éŁČめ

Notes on Usage

  1. Shortened Form of Ichidan Verbs: In casual speech, some people drop ら from られる and say 食ăčれる, èŠ‹ă‚Œă‚‹, etc. However, this is considered informal and not grammatically standard.
  2. Using を or が: When using potential form, the object marker を is often replaced with が.
    • Correct: æŒąć­—ăŒæ›žă‘ă‚‹ă€‚
    • Acceptable (less common): æŒąć­—ă‚’æ›žă‘ă‚‹ă€‚
  3. Negative Form: Add ăȘい to the potential form.
    • æŒąć­—ăŒèȘ­ă‚ăȘい (I can’t read kanji.)
  4. Polite Form: Add ăŸă™ to the potential form.
    • æŒąć­—ăŒèȘ­ă‚ăŸă™ (I can read kanji.)

Mastering the potential form will help you express what you can and cannot do in Japanese fluently! Try using it in daily conversations to reinforce your understanding. é ‘ćŒ”ăŁăŠăă ă•ă„ïŒ (Good luck!)

Happy learning! 😊

Using ă€œăŸă‚ă« in Japanese
Understanding ă€œă‚ˆă†ă« in Japanese
Understanding 〜がする in Japanese
Potential Form of Verbs in Japanese
Passive Form of Verbs in Japanese
Causative Form of Verbs in Japanese
Causative-Passive Form of verbs in Japanese
Using 〜ăȘがら Form in Japanese
Using 〜間(あいだ)に in Japanese
How to Use 〜べころ in Japanese
Vikas Kumar, founder of My Language Classes, a language learning platform creating comprehensive grammar guides, educational resources, and evidence-informed content for learning Spanish, Japanese, and English.
Founder at  | mylanguageclassesvk@gmail.com | Website |  + posts

Vikas Kumar is the founder of My Language Classes, a language learning platform dedicated to helping learners develop practical communication skills in Spanish, Japanese, and English through comprehensive grammar guides, structured learning resources, books, and evidence-informed educational content.

At My Language Classes, we believe that successful language learning is built on clarity, consistency, meaningful practice, and a deep understanding of how languages work. Every article is carefully researched and created to simplify complex concepts, provide practical guidance, and help learners develop confidence through real-world communication.

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