The imperfect subjunctive tense in Spanish (el pretérito imperfecto de subjuntivo) is one of the most commonly used subjunctive tenses. It is essential for expressing hypothetical situations, wishes, doubts, emotions, and politeness in the past.

Mastering this tense is crucial for anyone who wants to sound natural and fluent in Spanish. In this guide, we will cover its uses, conjugation rules, grammar structure, and common expressions, along with example sentences and exercises to help you practice.

Common Expressions

Here are some commonly used expressions that often include the imperfect subjunctive:

• Ojalá que tuviera más dinero. (I wish I had more money.)
• Quisiera saber la verdad. (I would like to know the truth.)
• Si yo fuera tú, lo haría. (If I were you, I would do it.)
• Me sorprendió que dijeras eso. (It surprised me that you said that.)
• No creía que fuera posible. (I didn’t believe it was possible.)

Usage of the Imperfect Subjunctive

The imperfect subjunctive is used in the following situations:

1. Hypothetical situations (often in “if” clauses – “si” clauses)
   • Si tuviera dinero, viajaría por el mundo. (If I had money, I would travel the world.)
2. Wishes and desires in the past
   • Ojalá que hiciera sol ayer. (I wish it had been sunny yesterday.)
3. Indirect speech in the past
   • Me dijo que estudiara más. (He told me to study more.)
4. Doubt, emotions, or opinions about the past
   • No creía que fuera verdad. (I didn’t believe it was true.)
5. Polite requests or suggestions
   • Quisiera hablar contigo. (I would like to talk to you.)
6. After expressions requiring the subjunctive when referring to the past
   • Era importante que vinieras temprano. (It was important that you arrived early.)

Conjugation of the Imperfect Subjunctive

To conjugate the imperfect subjunctive, follow these steps:

1. Take the third-person plural (ellos/ellas) form of the preterite tense.
2. Remove the “-ron” ending.
3. Add the imperfect subjunctive endings.

Endings for -AR, -ER, and -IR verbs:

Subject	Ending 1 (-ra)	Ending 2 (-se)
Yo	-ra	-se
Tú	-ras	-ses
Él/Ella	-ra	-se
Nosotros	-ramos	-semos
Vosotros	-rais	-seis
Ellos/Ellas	-ran	-sen

Example with hablar (to speak):

• Hablara / Hablase (I spoke, he/she spoke, etc. in subjunctive form)
• Hablaras / Hablases (You spoke in subjunctive form)

Example with tener (to have):

• Tuviera / Tuviese (I had, he/she had in subjunctive form)
• Tuvieras / Tuvieses (You had in subjunctive form)

Grammar Rules

• The imperfect subjunctive is triggered by the same subjunctive indicators (e.g., querer que, dudar que, ojalá que), but referring to past events.
• It appears in “if” clauses (si clauses) with the conditional tense.
• Both -ra and -se endings are correct, but the -ra form is more common in spoken Spanish.

Things to Keep in Mind

• The -se endings are more common in formal and literary Spanish.
• The imperfect subjunctive often appears after verbs in the preterite, imperfect, or conditional tenses.
• The subject pronoun is sometimes omitted when the conjugation is clear.
• The “si” clauses cannot be followed by the present or future tense.

Example Sentences

Quería que tú vinieras a la fiesta.
(I wanted you to come to the party.)

Ojalá me dieran más días de vacaciones.
(I wish they gave me more vacation days.)

Si yo tuviera más dinero, viajaría por el mundo.
(If I had more money, I would travel the world.)

Era necesario que ella estudiara más para el examen.
(It was necessary for her to study more for the exam.)

Dudábamos que ellos pudieran ganar el partido.
(We doubted that they could win the game.)

Si tú fueras más organizado, terminarías antes.
(If you were more organized, you would finish earlier.)

Me sorprendió que ella hablara japonés tan bien.
(It surprised me that she spoke Japanese so well.)

Esperábamos que el profesor no nos diera tanta tarea.
(We hoped that the teacher wouldn’t give us so much homework.)

No creía que él supiera la respuesta.
(I didn’t think he knew the answer.)

Era importante que tú hicieras ejercicio todos los días.
(It was important that you exercised every day.)

Me molestaba que mis vecinos hicieran tanto ruido.
(It bothered me that my neighbors made so much noise.)

Si ellos estuvieran aquí, se divertirían mucho.
(If they were here, they would have a lot of fun.)

Quisiera que me dijeras la verdad.
(I would like you to tell me the truth.)

Si él pudiera, viajaría a España mañana mismo.
(If he could, he would travel to Spain right away.)

No pensé que ellos vinieran a la reunión.
(I didn’t think they would come to the meeting.)

Me encantaría que tú aprendieras a tocar la guitarra.
(I would love for you to learn to play the guitar.)

Si tú quisieras, podrías ayudarme con este proyecto.
(If you wanted to, you could help me with this project.)

Era posible que nosotros llegáramos tarde.
(It was possible that we arrived late.)

No me gustaba que él siempre se quejara.
(I didn’t like that he always complained.)

Si yo supiera la respuesta, te la diría.
(If I knew the answer, I would tell you.)

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Exercise

1. Quería que tú _______ (venir) a la fiesta.
2. Ojalá me _______ (dar) más días de vacaciones.
3. Si yo _______ (tener) más dinero, viajaría por el mundo.
4. Era necesario que ella _______ (estudiar) más para el examen.
5. Dudábamos que ellos _______ (poder) ganar el partido.
6. Si tú _______ (ser) más organizado, terminarías antes.
7. Me sorprendió que ella _______ (hablar) japonés tan bien.
8. Esperábamos que el profesor no nos _______ (dar) tanta tarea.
9. No creía que él _______ (saber) la respuesta.
10. Era importante que tú _______ (hacer) ejercicio todos los días.

---

Answers:

1. Quería que tú vinieras a la fiesta.
2. Ojalá me dieran más días de vacaciones.
3. Si yo tuviera más dinero, viajaría por el mundo.
4. Era necesario que ella estudiara más para el examen.
5. Dudábamos que ellos pudieran ganar el partido.
6. Si tú fueras más organizado, terminarías antes.
7. Me sorprendió que ella hablara japonés tan bien.
8. Esperábamos que el profesor no nos diera tanta tarea.
9. No creía que él supiera la respuesta.
10. Era importante que tú hicieras ejercicio todos los días.

---

Summary

• The imperfect subjunctive is used for hypothetical situations, wishes, doubts, and politeness in the past.
• It follows specific conjugation rules based on the preterite tense.
• The two endings (-ra and -se) are interchangeable.
• It commonly appears in “if” clauses, indirect speech, and polite requests.
• Mastering this tense improves fluency and helps express more complex ideas in Spanish.

Conclusion

Understanding the imperfect subjunctive is essential for expressing past doubts, hypothetical situations, and politeness in Spanish. By practicing regularly and using the examples in this guide, you will gain confidence in using this tense naturally in conversations. Keep practicing, and soon, the imperfect subjunctive will feel natural in your Spanish-speaking journey!

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